• Home
  • About
    • Kathy Broady, MSW
    • Laura Boettger, LPC
    • Testimonials
  • Consultations
    • In-Person Intensives
    • Phone Consultations
    • Email Consultations
    • DID Zoom Groups
    • Calendar of Events
  • DID Education
    • Hiddenton Bear Dissoci-ACTION Story Packs
    • Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES)
    • Scoring the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES)
    • List of All Articles on Discussing Dissociation Blog
  • Blog
  • Videos
  • Liability Agreement
    • Privacy Policy
    • Disclaimer of Liability Agreement
    • Kathy’s Waiver of Liability
    • Laura’s Waiver of Liability
    • QLD: National Code of Conduct for Health Care Workers
    • Unhappy with Discussing Dissociation?
  • Dissociative ART
  • Contact

Discussing Dissociation

Thoughts from a DID Systems Specialist

  • Healing Process
    • DID Education
    • Mental Health
    • Online Therapy
    • Power of Music
    • Therapy
    • Therapy and Counseling
    • Therapy Homework
    • Transference
  • DSM Diagnoses
    • Anxiety
    • BDP
    • Compulsive Hoarding
    • Depression
    • DID/MPD
    • Dissociative Identity Disorder
  • DID System Work
    • Artwork
    • Child Alters
    • Integrations
    • Internal Communication
    • Introjects
    • Stories for Child Insiders
    • Bears of Hiddenton Point
  • Trauma and Abuse
    • Domestic Violence
    • Mind Control
    • Emotional Pain
    • Fear
    • Physical Abuse
    • Ritual Abuse
    • Self Injury
    • Sexual Abuse
    • Trauma
  • Funny Stuff
    • Fun Bird Videos
    • Fun!
    • Maggies
    • Puppies
    • Uncategorized
  • Supportive Helpers
    • Family Members of Trauma Survivors
    • Friends of Multiples
    • Supportive Spouses
    • Trauma Therapist
    • Prevention of Sexual Abuse
  • TV and Video
    • HBO’s Series “In Treatment”
    • Kathy’s Video Comments
    • One Life to Live
    • United States of Tara
    • Podcasts
You are here: Home / Introjects / Introjects – What are Introjects?

Introjects – What are Introjects?

By Kathy Broady MSW 25 Comments

 

 

I am frequently asked “What are introjects?”

 

Most DID trauma survivors have introjects as part of their dissociative system, but there is a lot of confusion as to what introjects actually are. 

There is even more confusion about what to do with an introject when you find one.

Introjects are alters — an inside part of your system.  They are a specific type of insider, but they are an inside part nonetheless.  They are a dissociative split from your mind/self the same as any other alter.  They would have been created during a traumatic incident just as any other alter.

Introjects are alters who were split off to represent outside people, most typically an abuser (but not limited to that, by any means), and thus create the appearance of being “introjected” within your system from an outside person. They are splits from your own mind, and they are there to help you remember / contain specific, detailed information related to whoever it is that they are “being” within your system.

Introjects are as convinced as the other parts of the system that they the same as the external people they represent.  They think they are separate from the survivors, and separate from the body of the survivor.  Many negative introjects will adamantly believe that they could hurt or harm the survivor / host of the system and not be hurt themselves.  Introjects typically truly believe they are separate people, but they are, in fact, part of the DID system.

For example, an abusive father introject (paternal introject) is an alter that looks, sounds, feels, acts exactly like your father.  In fact, from the perspectives of the inside world, it is hard to tell the difference between the inside father and the outside father.

A father introject will tell you what to do, how to behave, what to say, what to feel (or not feel), the same as your actual outside father.  One of the main purposes of a father introject is to control your behavior when you are away from the father with the same intensity as if you were right in front of him.

Many controlling abusers and organized perpetrators will create these introjects of themselves on purpose as a way to maintain control and dominance over the survivor-victim even while the survivor is away from the perpetrator.  It is a way to have the survivor experience the presence of the offender any time the perpetrator wants that to happen.

Often the internal introjects will report back to the external person they represent.  They experience themselves as a mirror of the perpetrator and keeping the perpetrator informed of the survivor’s activities is often a big part of the introject’s job.  The host and front world parts of the dissociative system will very likely be completely amnesiac for this reporting-back, and will be confused as to how the outside perpetrator actually knows so much information about them.  Don’t worry – the outside perpetrator isn’t magical.  He would have just had some loyal-to-him reporters parts from your system inform him of your whereabouts.

Introjects are not the same as programming. 

Programming — the tapes/scripts that dissociative people hear within their heads — the words / phrases / teachings that get said over and over inside, very often are exactly that — programming phrases. Repeated words that were learned / internalized and are expected to control behavior. They are just messages / phases / sentences / learnings.  Programming scripts are not an alter or an introject.

Typically an abuser person would have said those phrases over and over to the person. As part of the survival process, the survivor has to “learn the rules” of the perpetrator and these words / phrasings could be planted deeply in the brain for the survivor to remember them, both consciously and unconsciously.  However, the words said and taught to someone are not the same as the person who says them.

Persecutor alters can be, and often are the same as the introjects. Some persecutor alters are alters from your system that internalized the rules of the perpetrator, and continue to follow those rules, but don’t necessarily believe themselves to actually BE the same perpetrator person. Introjects actually think they are that perpetrator person.

Some introjects can be more helpful and positive than others.  When the idea that an introject being an internalized version of an exterior person, the sky is the limit to who a child may have internalized as a helper introject.

For example, if children with Dissociative Identity Disorder watch a lot of Star Trek, and Star Trek becomes their favorite TV show, and their favorite fantasy away from home, then the children may learn to imagine that Star Trek characters come to their rescue during moments of severe abuse.  The children may split off internalized versions of the Star Trek characters, creating Star Trek introjects as their way of getting help and imagining safety.  These introjects are helpful to the children.

Working with introjects, especially negative, harmful system introjects is a critical part of treatment for survivors with dissociative identity disorder.  The goal is to show the introjects that they actually are part of the survivor person, and not part of the perpetrator person.  There are a number of steps involved in this process, but once an introject becomes loyal to the survivor person (vs. being loyal to the perpetrator person), you will experience a much increased level of safety and stability.

 

Is it possible to work

with an introject?  

 

Yes, absolutely. 

 

And even more than that…

 

 

Your treatment and healing for DID will not be complete unless you work effectively with your introjects.

 

They’ll be there…  please don’t forget about them.

 

If you need to read a little more about this topic, check out this article as well:

 

What is a Perpetrator Introject in a Dissociative DID System?

 

 

I wish you, and ALL your insiders, the very best in your healing journey.

 

Warmly,

Kathy

 

Copyright © 2008-2022 Kathy Broady MSW and Discussing Dissociation

Related Posts

  • What is a Perpetrator Introject in a Dissociative DID System?

        Introjects.   Working with introjects in a dissociative system is an incredibly difficult…

  • 20 Types of Dissociative Splits

    All dissociative trauma survivors have their own unique system, of course. However, there are some…

  • Current Day Abuse – When Dissociative Survivors are Trapped, Owned, and Exploited as Adults

    All too many survivors continue to be trapped in abusive environments long after their childhood…

Filed Under: DID Education, DID/MPD, Dissociative Identity Disorder, Introjects, Mind Control, Self Injury, Trauma Tagged With: Abuse, Abusers, Abusive Fathers, Amnesia, Amnesiac Walls, Control, DID/MPD, dissociative disorders, Dissociative Identity Disorder, Father Introject, Host Alters, Internal Introjects, Internal System, Introjects, Kathy Broady, MC, Mind Control, Organized Perpetrators, Paternal Introject, Perpetrator Introjects, Persecutor Alters, Programming, Reporter Parts, Safety, Trauma Survivors, Treatment Goals, Treatment Goals for DID, Violent Relationships

Comments

  1. Wendy says

    February 11, 2022 at 6:19 am

    They do be able to change. We have seen it. We didnt think it could happen. Noah and Asher use to be so so so mean and awful and did all sorts of bad things. Now they be 2 of the most sweet kids ever. They be thoughtful and kind and like to do art projects. They say kind words. They be helpers. They still dont really know how to play and have fun because they have lots of sad left inside. But they do play some. And even thought they still have problems they dont act mean or say ANY mean things.
    We be trying to get Judah and David to turn nice, they fight a lot still and say lots of bad words, they get very grumpy, they be so grumpy this week that they even be making US grumpy . We be trying to stay away from them. They also be fighting and arguing a lot. We have been really frustrated with them.
    But since asher and noah changed so much it give us hope that some day the other boys will too. So even though this week be a really hard week with them we trying to still have hope. Some days this week it have felt hopeless and discouraging. But since the other boys changed we really hoping judah and david can too.

    Reply
  2. Bree says

    October 21, 2021 at 1:48 pm

    Hello! I have two friends with DID and they have both introjected me as an alter. i’m a friend of theirs, and from what i know, they are positive introjects. i really don’t want to mess up interacting with them, do you know if positive introjects mjnd talking to their source? any tips on how to interact with them?

    Reply
  3. Michelle says

    November 29, 2020 at 9:11 pm

    Thanks for sharing your knowledge of this topic, I came searching for more understanding as I just worked on an introject in therapy. It was a perpetrator, and we worked on releasing for safety. I have to say I was a little freaked out but at the same time relieved. I have recognised 2 more now, it has been difficult to distinguish them from what I thought was inner dialogue.

    Reply
  4. Beaula Page says

    June 29, 2020 at 10:06 pm

    Nightmares are a form of flashback. Flashbacks are usually fragments of a whole experience and they tend to be what the child’s brain deemed to be the important parts/most threatening parts of the trauma at the time. And the brain dissociates trauma because there are no words for it, and no ‘map’ or context for a child to make of sense of it. We need the warm support of a grounded, understanding, soothing other to help us and sadly this is all too often lacking in the child’s life. We are most definitely not ‘weak’ if we need quiet time sometimes, or for any other reason.

    I think what is most important here is not necessarily ‘figuring out’ what happened, but knowing that the trauma is over – it’s NOT happening anymore – and that we are safe enough now. We keep getting flashbacks – visual, emotional or otherwise – because the trauma has not been fully integrated into our autobiographical history: our brain is still primed to expect imminent trauma. I have been able to heal multiple traumas through Lifespan Integration therapy. I also offer this therapy to my clients and it works well for DID and OSDD. It is also important to work with a therapist you feel comfortable with. Many Lifespan Integration therapists offer remote sessions if there isn’t one in your area.
    Hope that helps.

    Reply
  5. MissyMing says

    June 29, 2020 at 5:19 am

    Been off from work a week – trying to figure out where I am at….between nightmares, flashes, and waves of intense emotion I feel like I am at a standstill….finding out more and more that some of my sister’s stuff matches mine….not sure what to do with all that…..What am I doing?…Plowing through “introjects” or something?……

    What do you do when you are caught between 2 things…..You are afraid to find out that flashes and nightmares ARE true….yet you are also afraid you will find out that they are NOT true…..If NOT true – then I have lost a major part of my life because of “imaginary” struggles and inability to “fit in”….

    Daddy’s age is catching up with him and we think he is the only one left who may have concrete answers about anything…..but we know that he will just confuse us and we will feel like we are crazy….we just wish WE had some concrete memories to stand firm in – so we don’t get all confused….We get scared we will never get any real answers as to why we are the way we are…Others think that our struggles prove we are “weak”…..they don’t know that the fact we are still here actually proves how strong we are….

    We wish sometimes someone would just turn us upside down and dump EVERYTHING out so we could see what was what…..sometimes we think the NOT “knowing” is as bad as the “knowing”…..everything is just so Twilight Zoney……

    Back to work tomorrow….back to getting through moment by moment…..dealing with “looks” and them wondering why I took a week off when I “was needed” so bad….I cannot explain to them….they are not “safe”………

    MissyMing
    06/28/20

    Reply
  6. Caden says

    March 17, 2020 at 3:34 pm

    Can the mean ones really, truly change?
    We have one who has been worse than all the others combined.
    But now kids are talking about how he wants to change.
    He even says it might be good to change.
    But how can we ever trust him after what he has said and done?
    Can he ever really change or is this another one of his tricks?
    I am really concerned about this.

    Reply
  7. Mystic Synergy says

    April 12, 2019 at 2:46 am

    could you please write an article specifically on fictive introjects (such as the Star Trek introjects mentioned). i ask this because you mention perpetrator/factive introjects here and i’m hoping you can talk more specifically about fictive/fictional introjects, their validity and how to interact with them, especially before they come to know they are part of the system and not separate. we have a new alter who is a fictive and we need some guidance.
    thank you.

    Reply
  8. caden says

    January 30, 2018 at 12:15 pm

    i could use an introject of someone who is the most perfect, happy, wonderful teacher in the world to come do my joh for me.🤨 Is there such a thing as handy, helpful introjects?

    Reply
  9. m says

    July 21, 2017 at 1:56 pm

    can interojecs be made from demins that be putted inside you when you be little?

    Reply
  10. nobody says

    July 21, 2017 at 6:21 am

    this is lots of big words
    it means he be a in side bad pepol?
    and he got a tape in him hed that say what the bad pepol say?
    becos he sond just like them
    but lowder
    and he be biger then the bad pepol.
    what if som of what he say be true?

    Reply
  11. Pilgrim says

    August 9, 2015 at 12:14 am

    This be just like mical. He so mean.
    You no waht rachel used to pertend her got recude by the pepol from star wars
    At nite in bed her wud pertend

    Reply
  12. Chloe says

    April 19, 2015 at 2:30 pm

    Hello,

    For the last ten years I have had friends who are diagnosed with DID and know about DID tell me that I have DID. They tell me they have interacted with some of my alters. I have never been diagnosed. I finally told my counselor, whom I’ve been seeing for seven months, when I learned that she has worked with DID patients in the past, and she told me that she does not believe I have it because she has never met another alter of mine.

    I remember when I was having “invisible friends” and those friends would let me go to the garden, my safe place, when I was being abused. I have always had conversations with these invisible friends, they have never left. At times I feel like somebody is standing right behind me, and I can tell you which friend it is. Other times I feel like someone is pulling on me. I don’t necessarily hear voices, but rather when they talk to me it sounds more like thoughts that I know aren’t mine. The thoughts are different from the programing (“old tapes”) thoughts.

    I have tried what my friends have suggested asking my invisible friends to come out with my counselor but they won’t or at least my counselor says they haven’t. My friends know some of their names and i have never told anyone their names.

    IF I do have alters, how do I get them to come out with my counselor, or at least get them to work with me better?

    Reply
    • Bo says

      September 16, 2019 at 5:01 am

      With the knowledge & training I have had in dissociation (I am a therapist and survivor), we don’t have to have alters ‘present themselves’ to our therapists to ‘prove’ we have DID or other dissociation issues to get the help we need. Personally, I wouldn’t recommend calling them out as they may not feel safe enough to do so, and they may lose trust in the ‘front person’ for even asking – e.g. they’re not some kind of exhibition. If your therapist believes that people only have DID if they experience florid switching (which is what you describe) in therapy sessions, it might be time for you to change therapists to someone more knowledgeable,

      Reply
  13. rociocaro says

    January 11, 2013 at 11:15 am

    Hello Kathy,
    My system has a couple of introjects who terrorize the rest of us. They threaten us and try to get us to self-harm. These are actually the first alters who came out almost 20 years ago, and they actually did cause a lot of harm at the time.

    I’ve heard it said that that persecutory alters often start out as protectors, but somehow they’ve turned bad, or perhaps their attempts to protect are misguided attempts to use techniques that once worked but that are unhealthy and unhelpful now. This might describe William, but James… he is pure evil as far as anyone can tell. And as for persecutory alters vs. introjects… is there a difference? in other words, can introject alters start out as protectors who turn into persecutors?

    We want to know more about introjects and specifically, how do you deal with them in healthy ways? How do you get them to listen to you when you are female and they are male, and they have been trained to believe that all women are worthless? (Mine are both adult males who believe they are the original ab*sers,)

    Please help. These alters won’t leave us alone, and we really want to heal. We are tired of their continual sabotage.

    Thanks,
    ~Caro, the Littles, and Crew

    Reply
  14. 1esmecat says

    January 7, 2013 at 11:21 pm

    I did not know any of this before reading, but it explains a lot that was troubling me. Thank you.

    Reply
  15. joojemily says

    January 11, 2011 at 10:39 pm

    I spent my whole childhood from the time I can remember up to age 9 in full-out fantasy that one of the following super heros would come rescue me just at the moment when I “died/lost consciousness:”
    – Astro Boy
    – Mighty Mouse
    – Super Man
    – Speed Racer
    – Batman/Robin
    I don’t know how I did well in grade school (it seemed so easy) because I wasn’t “there” most of the time…lost in one of these rescue fantasies. I always thought this was normal until I tried to get my friends to act out this fantasy in play and they weren’t interested (“who wouldn’t be interested?????” I thought) and then much later until in adulthood I took a course in developmental psychology that got me thinking, that coupled with grappling with “untreatable” depression/anxiety that was finally diagnosed as ptsd and did-nos. I guess i still don’t quite get it/can’t quite accept that living in rescue fantasy world wasn’t just a normal part of my watching too many “damsel in distress rescued by heroe” tv shows as a kid. Comments?

    Reply
  16. thelittlestsurvivor says

    May 10, 2009 at 3:33 pm

    today i called my biological mother to wish her a happy mothers day. it was awkward and strange…she was like a robot in tone and i ran out of things to say to her. i want to hate her but the truth is i dont know her.

    Reply
  17. moreheads says

    May 8, 2009 at 11:09 pm

    Good post, makes muddy water clear.

    “There are a number of steps involved in this process, but once an introject becomes loyal to the survivor person (vs. being loyal to the perpetrator person), you will experience a much increased level of safety and stability.”

    Could you point us in the direction of these steps, our talk-doc could use a set.

    Ravin

    Reply
    • Kathy Broady says

      May 9, 2009 at 11:58 am

      Hi Juliewtf, Ivory, and Ravin,
      Thanks for your comments – it’s nice to hear from each of you.
      I’m glad this article was helpful. I’ve looked around the internet for information about introjects, and there’s just not so much out there, so hopefully, this will help clear up some questions for a lot of people. I was asked “what are introjects” twice on the same day, and I decided that meant I should probably write more about it!

      The whole “ok, I’ve got some introjects, now what do I do??!” bit is certainly it’s own article. The good news is, it’s not as hard to work with an introject as you might think. The key is to remember that they originally came from you, and even tho’ they “appear” to be like the perpetrator, they are NOT the perpetrator person. They came from you and you can re-claim them back from the other side. Don’t let the perpetrators keep even one of your inside people — they are yours, and bring them back to you. Once you get past the cover facade of “I’m here to remind you of the perpetrator”, you’ll most likely find that these parts of you went through some pretty serious abuse of their own.

      It’s hard work, but very well worth it.
      Kathy

      Reply
  18. ivory54 says

    May 8, 2009 at 10:28 pm

    Kathy,

    Lassie, yep. Lassie. Lassie saved me more times than I could remember. I’ve never heard of introjects, tho I instantly recognized some of the behavior of an alter who thinks she is a single, not a multiple. My T sometimes tells me how Smoke acts and things she says – so she might be an introject. I don’t know. I’ll have to ask my T about that.

    Good food for thot.

    Ivory

    Reply
  19. juliewtf says

    May 8, 2009 at 6:48 pm

    This is good info…thanks!

    Reply

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *


Warning: in_array() expects parameter 2 to be array, bool given in /home/customer/www/discussingdissociation.com/public_html/wp-content/plugins/subscribe-to-comments-reloaded/wp_subscribe_reloaded.php on line 1540

Warning: array_flip() expects parameter 1 to be array, bool given in /home/customer/www/discussingdissociation.com/public_html/wp-content/plugins/subscribe-to-comments-reloaded/wp_subscribe_reloaded.php on line 1544

Warning: in_array() expects parameter 2 to be array, null given in /home/customer/www/discussingdissociation.com/public_html/wp-content/plugins/subscribe-to-comments-reloaded/wp_subscribe_reloaded.php on line 1547


This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

P4² DID Conference
It. Was. AWESOME!
Videos and Handouts coming soon.

Thank you for staying at the Royal Sonesta Chicago Downtown by the Riverwalk. What a beautiful venue we had. I hope you enjoyed your stay. It was absolutely fun and fabulous to meet you!

Support
This Conference

The Serafin Project is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization who sponsors the P4² DID Conference. You too can help support the P4 DID Conferences with a tax deductible donation. Click Here.

Discussing Dissociation Community Forum

Feeling lonely and needing privacy to talk with people who understand DID? Click the image below to join us

Find SUPPORT at the Discussing Dissociation SSPA Forum

Who Do You Talk With When Your Partner Has DID? Click the image below to join our supportive community.

Saddest Little Bear
Dissoci-ACTION Story Pack

Need Help Calming the Chaos when Painfully Confronted with New DID System Parts?

Saddest Little Bear will help you learn how to calm your system, settle the internal chaos, connect with new parts, and bring more peace and healing into your life. Click here to learn more.

DID Email Consultations with Laura

Phone / Video Consultations with Kathy

Support this Site

Your relationship with this site is greatly appreciated!

Discussing Dissociation remains free (and ad-free) for dissociative trauma survivors all over the world. There are hundreds of articles and thousands of helpful comments. The amount of information and guidance you can find at this site is exemplary. As this site grows, the time, costs, and energy required to maintain DD increases significantly each year. It’s free for you, but not free for me.

If you find support, encouragement, and value in what Discussing Dissociation provides for you, please consider supporting this site with a monthly cup of coffee for Kathy, a working lunch, or healthy treats for the puppies.

MONTHLY RECURRING DONATION

  • $5 /month
  • $15 /month
  • $25 /month
  • $35 /month
  • $55 /month

ONE-TIME SUPPORT

Unique offers of support are valuable as well. Select any amount of your own choosing to give as a one-time offer of support and appreciation.

Need to cancel your recurring support? Go here.

Let’s Connect

  • Facebook
  • Instagram
  • Pinterest
  • RSS
  • Twitter

About Me Here


Kathy - a clinical Social Worker, surrounded by kelpies, who enjoys puzzles, pianos, pizza, pretties in nature, and people with Dissociative Identity Disorder.

Read more

Looking For Something?

Popular Posts

  • Introjects – What are Introjects?
  • 10 Tips For Spouses and Partners of Survivors with Dissociative Identity Disorder
  • 20 Signs of Unresolved Trauma
  • 20 Types of Dissociative Splits
  • Working with Difficult and Destructive Alters
  • Scoring the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES)
  • What is a Perpetrator Introject in a Dissociative DID System?
  • When You Suddenly Lose Your Therapist
  • Mothers and Mothers Day for Trauma Survivors
  • Switching in Your Sleep -– Are you Snoozing or Secretly Awake?

Recent Comments

  • ME+WE on Working with Difficult and Destructive Alters
  • ME+WE on What do you think about Suicide?
  • Rylie on What do you think about Suicide?
  • ME+WE on 10 Big Benefits of Being on the Email List for Discussing Dissociation
  • ME+WE on Integration: A Requirement for DID Therapy – Or Not?
  • ME+WE on 10 Life-Lessons I’ve Learned from Multiples, part 2
  • Temi on Working with Difficult and Destructive Alters
  • April Rhynold on 10 Big Benefits of Being on the Email List for Discussing Dissociation
  • Helen on Integration: A Requirement for DID Therapy – Or Not?
  • Mythes et Faits sur le TDI – Partie 4 – Troubles Dissociatifs – Documentation on Introjects – What are Introjects?
  • Be. on Acronyms As a Way to Bridge Communication
  • linda on 10 Life-Lessons I’ve Learned from Multiples, part 2
  • linda on 10 Life-Lessons I’ve Learned from Multiples, part 2
  • ME+WE on Turning Self-Injury into Self-Soothing
  • Me+WE on Losing an Animal Family Member: Your Animal Friend, Beloved Pet, or Furry Companion
  • ME+WE on 10 Truths for Adult Survivors of Sexual Abuse
  • Wendy on Introjects – What are Introjects?
  • My/selves+Me on Turning Self-Injury into Self-Soothing
  • My/selves+Me on Turning Self-Injury into Self-Soothing
  • linda on Art can Help! Art Reduces Anxiety and Depression and Increases Wellbeing

Copyright © 2022 Kathy Broady, MSW. All rights reserved. No part of this may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Kathy Broady, MSW. Discussing Dissociation accepts no liability for advice or information given here or errors/omissions in the text. It is merely intended as a general informational overview of the subject for healthcare professionals, trauma survivors, and those reading the DiscussingDissociation site.